Nobel Prize for Chemistry

1901

Jacobus H. van't Hoff (Netherlands), for laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions

1902

Emil Fischer (Germany), for experiments in sugar and purin groups of substances

1903

Svante A. Arrhenius (Sweden), for his electrolytic theory of dissociation

1904

Sir William Ramsay (U.K.), for discovery and determination of place of inert gaseous elements in air

1905

Adolf von Baeyer (Germany), for work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic combinations

1906

Henri Moissan (France), for isolation of fluorine, and introduction of electric furnace

1907

Eduard Buchner (Germany), discovery of cell-less fermentation and investigations in biological chemistry

1908

Sir Ernest Rutherford (U.K.), for investigations into disintegration of elements

1909

Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany), for work on catalysis and investigations into chemical equilibrium and reaction rates

1910

Otto Wallach (Germany), for work in the field of alicyclic compounds

1911

Marie Curie (France), for discovery of elements radium and polonium

1912

Victor Grignard (France), for reagent discovered by him; and Paul Sabatier (France), for methods of hydrogenating organic compounds

1913

Alfred Werner (Switzerland), for linking up atoms within the molecule

1914

Theodore W. Richards (U.S.), for determining atomic weight of many chemical elements

1915

Richard Willstätter (Germany), for research into coloring matter of plants, especially chlorophyll

1918

Fritz Haber (Germany), for synthetic production of ammonia

1920

Walther Nernst (Germany), for work in thermochemistry

1921

Frederick Soddy (U.K.), for investigations into origin and nature of isotopes

1922

Francis W. Aston (U.K.), for discovery of isotopes in nonradioactive elements and for discovery of the whole number rule

1923

Fritz Pregl (Austria), for method of microanalysis of organic substances discovered by him

1925

In 1926, the 1925 prize was awarded to Richard Zsigmondy (Germany), for work on the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions

1926

Theodor Svedberg (Sweden), for work on disperse systems

1927

In 1928, the 1927 prize was awarded to Heinrich Wieland (Germany), for investigations of bile acids and kindred substances

1928

Adolf Windaus (Germany), for investigations on constitution of the sterols and their connection with vitamins

1929

Sir Arthur Harden (U.K.) and Hans K. A. S. von Euler-Chelpin (Sweden), for research of fermentation of sugars

1930

Hans Fischer (Germany), for work on coloring matter of blood and leaves and for his synthesis of hemin

1931

Karl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius (both Germany), for invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods

1932

Irving Langmuir (U.S.), for work in realm of surface chemistry

1934

Harold C. Urey (U.S.), for discovery of heavy hydrogen

1935

Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie (both France), for synthesis of new radioactive elements

1936

Peter J. W. Debye (Netherlands), for investigations on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases

1937

Walter N. Haworth (U.K.), for research on carbohydrates and vitamin C; and Paul Karrer (Switzerland), for work on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins A and B

1938

Richard Kuhn (Germany), for carotenoid study and vitamin research (declined)

1939

Adolf Butenandt (Germany), for work on sexual hormones (declined the prize); and Leopold Ruzicka (Switzerland), for work with polymethylenes

1943

Georg Hevesy De Heves (Hungary), for work on use of isotopes as indicators

1944

Otto Hahn (Germany), for work on atomic fission

1945

Artturi Illmari Virtanen (Finland), for research in the field of conservation of fodder

1946

James B. Sumner (U.S.), for crystallizing enzymes; John H. Northrop and Wendell M. Stanley (both U.S.), for preparing enzymes and virus proteins in pure form

1947

Sir Robert Robinson (U.K.), for research in plant substances

1948

Arne Tiselius (Sweden), for biochemical discoveries and isolation of mouse paralysis virus

1949

William Francis Giauque (U.S.), for research in thermodynamics, especially effects of low temperature

1950

Otto Diels and Kurt Alder (both Germany), for discovery of diene synthesis enabling scientists to study structure of organic matter

1951

Glenn T. Seaborg and Edwin H. McMillan (both U.S.), for discovery of plutonium

1952

Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge (both U.K.), for development of partition chromatography

1953

Hermann Staudinger (Germany), for research in giant molecules

1954

Linus C. Pauling (U.S.), for study of forces holding together protein and other molecules

1955

Vincent du Vigneaud (U.S.), for work on pituitary hormones

1956

Sir Cyril Hinshelwood (U.K.) and Nikolai N. Semenov (U.S.S.R.), for parallel research on chemical reaction kinetics

1957

Sir Alexander Todd (U.K.), for research with chemical compounds that are factors in heredity

1958

Frederick Sanger (U.K.), for determining molecular structure of insulin

1959

Jaroslav Heyrovsky (Czechoslovakia), for development of polarography, an electrochemical method of analysis

1960

Willard F. Libby (U.S.), for “atomic time clock” to measure age of objects by measuring their radioactivity

1961

Melvin Calvin (U.S.), for establishing chemical steps during photosynthesis

1962

Max F. Perutz and John C. Kendrew (U.K.), for mapping protein molecules with X-rays

1963

Carl Ziegler (Germany) and Giulio Natta (Italy), for work in uniting simple hydrocarbons into large molecule substances

1964

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin (U.K.), for determining structure of compounds needed in combatting pernicious anemia

1965

Robert B. Woodward (U.S.), for work in synthesizing complicated organic compounds

1966

Robert Sanderson Mulliken (U.S.), for research on bond holding atoms together in molecule

1967

Manfred Eigen (Germany), Ronald G. W. Norrish, and George Porter (both U.K.), for work in high-speed chemical reactions

1968

Lars Onsager (U.S.), for development of system of equations in thermodynamics

1969

Derek H. R. Barton (U.K.) and Odd Hassel (Norway), for study of organic molecules

1970

Luis F. Leloir (Argentina), for discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in biosynthesis of carbohydrates

1971

Gerhard Herzberg (Canada), for contributions to knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals

1972

Christian Boehmer Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, and William Howard Stein (all U.S.), for pioneering studies in enzymes

1973

Ernst Otto Fischer (W. Germany) and Geoffrey Wilkinson (U.K.), for work that could solve problem of automobile exhaust pollution

1974

Paul J. Flory (U.S.), for developing analytic methods to study properties and molecular structure of long-chain molecules

1975

John W. Cornforth (Australia) and Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland), for research on structure of biological molecules such as antibiotics and cholesterol

1976

William N. Lipscomb, Jr. (U.S.), for work on the structure and bonding mechanisms of boranes

1977

Ilya Prigogine (Belgium), for contributions to nonequilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures

1978

Peter Mitchell (U.K.), for contributions to the understanding of biological energy transfer

1979

Herbert C. Brown (U.S.) and Georg Wittig (West Germany), for developing a group of substances that facilitate very difficult chemical reactions

1980

Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert (both U.S.), and Frederick Sanger (U.K.), for developing methods to map the structure and function of DNA, the substance that controls the activity of the cell

1981

Roald Hoffmann (U.S.) and Kenichi Fukui (Japan), for applying quantum-mechanics theories to predict the course of chemical reactions

1982

Aaron Klug (U.K.), for research in the detailed structures of viruses and components of life

1983

Henry Taube (U.S.), for research on how electrons transfer between molecules in chemical reactions

1984

R. Bruce Merrifield (U.S.), for research that revolutionized the study of proteins

1985

Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle (both U.S.), for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures

1986

Dudley R. Herschback, Yuan T. Lee (both U.S.), and John C. Polanyi (Canada), for their work on “reaction dynamics”

1987

Donald J. Cram, Charles J. Pedersen (both U.S.), and Jean-Marie Lehn (France), for wide-ranging research that has included the creation of artificial molecules that can mimic vital chemical reactions of the processes of life

1988

Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, and Hartmut Michel (all West Germany), for unraveling the structure of proteins that play a crucial role in photosynthesis

1989

Thomas R. Cech and Sidney Altman (both U.S.), for their discovery, independently, that RNA could actively aid chemical reactions in the cells

1990

Elias James Corey (U.S.), for developing new ways to synthesize complex molecules ordinarily found in nature

1991

Richard R. Ernst (Switzerland), for refinements he developed in nuclear magnetic-resonance spectroscopy

1992

Rudolph A. Marcus (U.S.), for his mathematical analysis of how the overall energy in a system of interacting molecules changes and induces an electron to jump from one molecule to another

1993

Kary B. Mullis (U.S.) and Michael Smith (Canada), for their contributions to the science of genetics

1994

George A. Olah (U.S.), University of Southern California in Los Angeles, for research that opened new ways to break apart and rebuild compounds of carbon and hydrogen

1995

F. Sherwood Rowland, Mario Molina (both U.S.), and Paul Crutzen (Netherlands), for their pioneering work in explaining the chemical processes that deplete the earth's ozone shield

1996

Richard E. Smalley, Robert F. Curl, Jr. (both U.S.), and Harold W. Kroto (U.K.), for discovery of a new class of carbon molecule

1997

Paul D. Boyer (U.S.), Jens C. Skou (Denmark), and John E. Walker (U.K.), for discoveries about a molecule that allows the human body to store and transfer energy between cells

1998

Walter Kohn (U.S.) and John A. Pople (U.K.), for their developments in the study of the properties of molecules and the chemical processes in which they are involved

1999

Ahmed H. Zewail (Egypt and U.S.), for creating the world's fastest camera, which captures atoms in motion

2000

Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid (both U.S.), and Hideki Shirakawa (Japan), for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

2001

William S. Knowles (U.S.) and Ryoji Noyori (Japan) “for their work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions,” and K. Barry Sharpless (U.S.) “for his work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions.”

2002

John B. Fenn (U.S.) and Koichi Tanaka (Japan) for ionization methods analyses of biological macromolecules, and Kurt Wüthrich (Switzerland) for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution.

2003

Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon (both U.S.) for studies on channels in cell walls.

2004

Aaron Ciechanover (Israel), Avram Hershko (Israel), and Irwin Rose (U.S.) “for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.”

2005

Yves Chauvin (France), Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock (both U.S.)

2006

Roger D. Kornberg (U.S.) for “his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription”

2007

Gerhard Ertl (Germany) for "his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"

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Nobel Prizes in Chemistry

1901

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (Netherlands, 1852-08-30 - 1911-03-01)

Discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and of the osmotic pressure in solutions

1902

Emil H. Fischer (Germany, 1852-10-09 - 1919-07-15)

Synthetic studies in the area of sugar and purine groups

1903

Svante A. Arrhenius (Sweden, 1859-02-19 - 1927-10-02)

Theory of electrolytic dissociation

1904

Sir William Ramsay (United Kingdom, 1852-10-02 - 1916-07-23)

Discovery of the indifferent gaseous elements in air (noble gases)

1905

Adolf von Baeyer (Germany, 1835-10-31 - 1917-08-20)

Organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds

1906

Henri Moissan (France, 1852-09-28 - 1907-02-20)

Investigation and isolation of the element fluorine

1907

Eduard Buchner (Germany, 1860-05-20 - 1917-08-13)

Biochemical studies, discovery of fermentation without cells

1908

Sir Ernest Rutherford (United Kingdom, 1871-08-30 - 1937-10-19)

Decay of the elements, chemistry of radioactive substances

1909

Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany, 1853-09-02 - 1932-04-04)

Catalysis, chemical equilibria and reaction rates

1910

Otto Wallach (Germany, 1847-03-27 - 1931-02-26)

Alicyclic compounds

1911

Marie Curie (France, Poland, 1867-11-07 - 1934-07-04)

Discovery of radium and polonium

1912

Victor Grignard (France, 1871-05-16 - 1935-12-13)

Grignard's reagent

Paul Sabatier (France, 1854-11-05 - 1941-08-14)

Hydrogenation of organic compounds in the presence of finely divided metals

1913

Alfred Werner (Switzerland, 1866-12-12 - 1919-11-15)

Bonding relations of atoms in molecules (inorganic chemistry)

1914

Theodore W. Richards (USA, 1868-01-31 - 1928-04-02)

Determination of atomic weights

1915

Richard Willstätter (Germany, 1872-08-13 - 1942-08-03)

Investigation of plant pigments, particularly of chlorophyll

1916 -

1917 -

1918

Fritz Haber (Germany, 1868-12-09 - 1934-01-29)

Synthesis of ammonia from its elements

1919 -

1920

Walther H. Nernst (Germany, 1864-06-25 - 1941-11-18)

Studies on thermodynamics

1921

Frederick Soddy (United Kingdom, 1877-09-02 - 1956-09-22)

Chemistry of radioactive substances, occurrence and nature of the isotopes

1922

Francis W. Aston (United Kingdom, 1877-09-01 - 1945-11-20)

Discovery of a large number of isotopes, mass spectrograph

1923

Fritz Pregl (Austria, 1869-09-03 - 1930-12-13)

Microanalysis of organic compounds

1924 -

1925

Richard A. Zsigmondy (Germany, Austria, 1865-04-01 - 1929-09-29)

Colloid chemistry (ultramicroscope)

1926

Theodor Svedberg (Sweden, 1884-08-30 - 1971-02-26)

Disperse systems (ultracentrifuge)

1927

Heinrich O. Wieland (Germany, 1877-06-04 - 1957-08-05)

Constitution of bile acids

1928

Adolf Windaus (Germany, 1876-12-25 - 1959-06-09)

Study of sterols and their relation with vitamins (vitamin D)

1929

Hans von Euler-Chelpin (Sweden, Germany, 1873-02-15 - 1964-11-06)

Arthur Harden (United Kingdom, 1861-10-12 - 1940-06-17)

Studies on fermentation of sugars and enzymes

1930

Hans Fischer (Germany, 1881-07-27 - 1945-03-31)

Studies on blood and plant pigments, synthesis of hemin

1931

Friedrich Bergius (Germany, 1884-10-11 - 1949-03-30)

Carl Bosch (Germany, 1874-08-27 - 1940-04-26)

Development of chemical high-pressure processes

1932

Irving Langmuir (USA, 1881-01-31 - 1957-08-16)

Surface chemistry

1933 -

1934

Harold C. Urey (USA, 1893-04-29 - 1981-01-06)

Discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium)

1935

Frédéric Joliot (France, 1900-03-19 - 1958-08-14)

Irène Joliot-Curie (France, 1897-09-12 - 1956-03-17)

Syntheses of new radioactive elements (artificial radioactivity)

1936

Peter J. W. Debye (Germany, Netherlands, 1884-03-24 - 1966-11-02)

Studies on dipole moments and the diffraction of X rays and electron beams by gases

1937

Sir Walter N. Haworth (United Kingdom, 1883-03-19 - 1950-03-19)

Studies on carbohydrates and vitamin C

Paul Karrer (Switzerland, 1889-04-21 - 1971-06-18)

Studies on carotenoids and flavins and vitamins A and B2

1938

Richard Kuhn (Germany, 1900-12-03 - 1967-07-31)

Studies on carotenoids and vitamins

1939

Adolf F. J. Butenandt (Germany, 1903-03-24 - 1995-01-18)

Studies on sexual hormones

Leopold Ruzicka (Switzerland, 1887-09-13 - 1976-09-26)

Studies on polymethylenes and higher terpenes

1940 -

1941 -

1942 -

1943

George de Hevesy (Hungary, 1885-08-01 - 1966-07-05)

Application of isotopes as indicators in the investigation chemical processes

1944

Otto Hahn (Germany, 1879-03-08 - 1968-07-28)

Discovery of the nuclear fission of atoms

1945

Artturi I. Virtanen (Finland, 1895-01-15 - 1973-11-11)

Discoveries in the area of agricultural and food chemistry, method of preservation of fodder

1946

John H. Northrop (USA, 1891-07-05 - 1987-05-27)

Wendell M. Stanley (USA, 1904-08-16 - 1971-06-15)

Preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form

James B. Sumner (USA, 1887-11-19 - 1955-08-12)

Crystallizability of enzymes

1947

Sir Robert Robinson (United Kingdom, 1886-09-13 - 1975-02-08)

Studies on alkaloids

1948

Arne W. K. Tiselius (Sweden, 1902-08-10 - 1971-10-29)

Analysis by means of electrophoresis and adsorption, discoveries about serum proteins

1949

William F. Giauque (USA, 1895-05-12 - 1982-03-28)

Contributions to chemical thermodynamics, properties at extremely low temperatures (adiabatic demagnetization)

1950

Kurt Alder (Germany, 1902-07-10 - 1958-06-20)

Otto P. H. Diels (Germany, 1876-01-23 - 1954-03-07)

Development of the diene synthesis

1951

Edwin M. McMillan (USA, *1907-09-18)

Glenn Th. Seaborg (USA, 1912-04-19 - 1999-02-25)

Discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements

1952

Archer J. P. Martin (United Kingdom, *1910-03-01)

Richard L. M. Synge (United Kingdom, 1914-10-28 - 1994-08-18)

Invention of distribution chromatography

1953

Hermann Staudinger (Germany, 1881-03-23 - 1965-09-08)

Discoveries in the area of macromolecular chemistry

1954

Linus Carl Pauling (USA, 1901-02-28 - 1994-08-19)

Studies on the nature of the chemical bond (molecular structure of proteins)

1955

Vincent du Vigneaud (USA, 1901-05-18 - 1978-12-11)

Synthesis of a polypeptide hormone

1956

Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood (United Kingdom, 1897-06-19 - 1967-10-09)

Nikolai N. Semjonow (Soviet Union, 1896-04-15 - 1986-09-25)

Mechanisms of chemical reactions

1957

Sir Alexander R. Todd (United Kingdom, *1907-07-02)

Studies on nucleotides and their coenzymes

1958

Frederick Sanger (United Kingdom, *1918-08-13)

Structure of proteins, especially of insulin

1959

Jaroslav Heyrovský (Czechoslovakia, 1890-12-20 - 1967-03-27)

Polarography

1960

Willard F. Libby (USA, 1908-12-17 - 1980-09-08)

Application of carbon 14 for age determinations (radiocarbon dating)

1961

Melvin Calvin (USA, *1911-04-07)

Studies on the assimilation of carbonic acid by plants (photosynthesis)

1962

John Cowdery Kendrew (United Kingdom, *1917-03-24)

Max Ferdinand Perutz (United Kingdom, Austria, 1914-05-19 - 2002-02-06)

Studies on the structures of globulin proteins

1963

Giulio Natta (Italy, 1903-02-26 - 1979-05-02)

Karl Ziegler (Germany, 1898-11-26 - 1973-08-11)

Chemistry and technology of high polymers

1964

Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin (United Kingdom, *1910-05-12)

Structure determination of biologically important substances by means of X rays

1965

Robert Burns Woodward (USA, 1917-04-10 - 1979-07-08)

Syntheses of natural products

1966

Robert S. Mulliken (USA, 1896-06-07 - 1986-10-31)

Studies on chemical bonds and the electron structure of molecules by means of the orbital method

1967

Manfred Eigen (Germany, *1927-05-09)

George Porter (United Kingdom, *1920-12-06)

Ronald G. W. Norrish (United Kingdom, 1897-11-09 - 1978-06-07)

Investigations of extremely fast chemical reactions

1968

Lars Onsager (USA, Norway, 1903-11-27 - 1976-10-05)

Studies on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes

1969

Odd Hassel (Norway, 1897-05-17 - 1981-05-13)

Derek H. Barton (United Kingdom, *1918-09-08)

Development of the concept of conformation

1970

Luis F. Leloir (Argentina, *1906-09-06)

Discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates

1971

Gerhard Herzberg (Canada, 1904-12-25 - 1999-03-03)

Electron structure and geometry of molecules, particularly of free radicals (molecular spectroscopy)

1972

Christian B. Anfinsen (USA, *1916-03-26)

Studies on ribonuclease

Stanford Moore (USA, 1913-09-04 - 1982-08-23)

William H. Stein (USA, 1911-06-25 - 1980-02-02)

Studies on the active center of ribonuclease

1973

Ernst Otto Fischer (Germany, *1918-11-10)

Geoffrey Wilkinson (United Kingdom, 1921-07-14 - 1996-09-26)

Chemistry of metal-organic sandwich compounds

1974

Paul J. Flory (USA, 1910-06-19 - 1985-09-09)

Physical chemistry of macromolecules

1975

John W. Cornforth (United Kingdom, *1917-09-07)

Stereochemistry of enzyme catalysis reactions

Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland, Yugoslavia, 1906-07-23 - 1998-01-07)

Studies on the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions

1976

William N. Lipscomb (USA, *1919-12-09)

Structure of boranes

1977

Ilya Prigogine (Belgium, 1917-01-25 - 2003-05-28)

Contributions to the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, particularly to the theory of dissipative structures

1978

Peter D. Mitchell (United Kingdom, *1920-09-29)

Studies of biological energy transfer, development of the chemiosmotic theory

1979

Georg Wittig (Germany, 1897-06-16 - 1987-08-26)

Herbert C. Brown (USA, 1912-05-22 - 2004-12-19)

Development of (organic) boron and phosphorous compounds

1980

Paul Berg (USA, *1926-06-30)

Studies on the biochemistry of nucleic acids, particularly hybrid DNA (technology of gene surgery)

Walter Gilbert (USA, *1932-03-21)

Frederick Sanger (United Kingdom, 1918-08-13)

Determination of base sequences in nucleic acids

1981

Kenichi Fukui (Japan, *1918-10-04)

Roald Hoffmann (USA, *1937-07-18)

Theories on the progress of chemical reactions (frontier orbital theory)

1982

Aaron Klug (United Kingdom, *1926-08-11)

Development of crystallographic methods for the elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid protein complexes

1983

Henry Taube (Canada, *1915-11-30)

Reaction mechanisms of electron transfer, especially with metal complexes

1984

Robert Bruce Merrifield (USA, 1921-07-15 - 2006-05-14)

Method for the preparation of peptides and proteins

1985

Herbert A. Hauptman (USA, *1917-02-14)

Jerome Karle (USA, *1918-06-18)

Development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures

1986

John C. Polanyi (Canada, *1929-01-23)

Dudley R. Herschbach (USA, *1932-06-18)

Yuan Tseh Lee (USA, *1936-11-29)

Dynamics of chemical elementary processes

1987

Donald J. Cram (USA, 1919-04-22 - 2001-06-27)

Charles J. Pedersen (USA, 1904-10-03 - 1989-10-26)

Jean-Marie Lehn (France, *1939-09-30)

Development of molecules with structurally specific interaction of high selectivity

1988

Johann Deisenhofer (Germany, *1943-09-30)

Robert Huber (Germany, *1937-02-20)

Hartmut Michel (Germany, *1948-07-18)

Determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction center

1989

Sidney Altman (Canada, *1939-05-08)

Thomas Robert Cech (USA, *1947-12-08)

Discovery of the catalytic properties of ribonucleic acid (RNA)

1990

Elias James Corey (USA, *1928-07-12)

Development of novel methods for the synthesis of complex natural compounds (retrosynthetic analysis)

1991

Richard Robert Ernst (Switzerland, *1933-08-14)

Development of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)

1992

Rudolph A. Marcus (USA, *1923)

Theories of electron transfer

1993

Kary Banks Mullis (USA, *1944)

Invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Michael Smith (Canada, *1932)

Development of site specific mutagenesis

1994

George A. Olah (USA, *1927)

Carbocations

1995

Paul Crutzen (Netherlands, *1933)

Mario Molina (Mexico, *1943)

Frank Sherwood Rowland (USA, *1927)

for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone

1996

Robert F. Curl, Jr. (USA, *1933)

Sir Harold W. Kroto (United Kingdom, *1939)

Richard E. Smalley (USA, *1943)

for their discovery of fullerenes

1997

Paul D. Boyer (USA, *1918)

John E. Walker (United Kingdom, *1941)

for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Jens C. Skou (Denmark, *1918)

for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase

1998

Walter Kohn (USA, *1923)

John A. Pople (United Kingdom/USA, 1925 - 2004)

to Walter Kohn for his development of the density-functional theory and to John Pople for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry (GAUSSIAN computer programs)

1999

Ahmed H. Zewail (USA, Egypt, *1946)

for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy

2000

Alan J. Heeger (USA, *1936)

Alan G. MacDiarmid (USA, *1927)

Hideki Shirakawa (Japan, *1936)

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

2001

William S. Knowles (USA, *1917)

Ryoji Noyori (Japan, *1938)

for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions

K. Barry Sharpless (USA, *1941)

for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions

2002

John B. Fenn (USA, *1917)

Koichi Tanaka (Japan, *1959)

for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules

Kurt Wüthrich (Switzerland, *1938)

for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution

2003

Peter Agre (USA, *1949)

for the discovery of water channels in cell membranes

Roderick MacKinnon (USA, *1956)

for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels in cell membranes

2004

Aaron Ciechanover (Israel, *1947)

Avram Hershko (Israel, *1937)

Irwin Rose (USA, *1926)

for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

2005

Yves Chauvin (France, *1930)

Robert H. Grubbs (USA, *1942)

Richard R. Schrock (USA, *1945)

for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

2006

Roger D. Kornberg (USA, *1947)

for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription

2007

Gerhard Ertl (Germany, *1936)

(Fritz-Haber-Institut of Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin, Honorary Professor at Freie Universität Berlin and at Technische Universität Berlin)

for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces (catalysis)

2008

Osamu Shimomura (USA, *1928)

Martin Chalfie (USA, *1947)

Roger Y. Tsien (USA, *1952)

for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

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