Nobel Prize

Alfred Nobel

"The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way:The capital shall be invested by my executors in safe securities and shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical works by Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, so that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be Scandinavian or not.

The Nobel Prize

Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace. The Nobel Prize is an international award administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. Each prize consists of a medal, personal diploma, and a cash award.

Alfred Nobel - The Man Behind the Nobel Prize

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize.



The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry

The medal of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences represents Nature in the form of a goddess resembling Isis, emerging from the clouds and holding in her arms a cornucopia. The veil which covers her cold and austere face is held up by the Genius of Science.

The inscription reads: Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes

loosely translated "And they who bettered life on earth by their newly found mastery."
(Word for word: inventions enhance life which is beautified through art.)

The words are taken from Vergilius Aeneid, the 6th song, verse 663:
Lo, God-loved poets, men who spake things worthy Phoebus' heart;
and they who bettered life on earth by new-found mastery

The name of the Nobel Laureate is engraved on the plate below the figures, and the text "REG. ACAD. SCIENT. SUEC." stands for The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry was designed by Erik Lindberg.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry

The medal of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences represents Nature in the form of a goddess resembling Isis, emerging from the clouds and holding in her arms a cornucopia. The veil which covers her cold and austere face is held up by the Genius of Science.

The inscription reads: Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes

loosely translated "And they who bettered life on earth by their newly found mastery."

(Word for word: inventions enhance life which is beautified through art.)

The words are taken from Vergilius Aeneid, the 6th song, verse 663:
Lo, God-loved poets, men who spake things worthy Phoebus' heart;
and they who bettered life on earth by new-found mastery

The name of the laureate is engraved on the plate below the figures, and the text "REG. ACAD. SCIENT. SUEC." stands for The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry was designed by Erik Lindberg.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine

The medal of the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute represents the Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap, collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl's thirst.

The inscription reads: Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes

loosely translated "And they who bettered life on earth by their newly found mastery." (Word for word: inventions enhance life which is beautified through art.)

The words are taken from Vergilius Aeneid, the 6th song, verse 663:Lo, God-loved poets, men who spake things worthy Phoebus' heart;and they who bettered life on earth by new-found mastery

The name of the laureate is engraved on the plate below the figures, and the text "REG. UNIVERSITAS MED. CHIR. CAROL." stands for the Karolinska Institute.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry was designed by Erik Lindberg.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature

The medal of the Swedish Academy represents a young man sitting under a laurel tree who, enchanted, listens to and writes down the song of the Muse.

The inscription reads: Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes

loosely translated "And they who bettered life on earth by their newly found mastery."
(Word for word: Inventions enhance life which is beautified through art.)

The words are taken from Vergilius Aeneid, the 6th song, verse 663;
Lo, God-loved poets, men who spake things worthy Phoebus' heart;
and they who bettered life on earth by new-found mastery

The name of the Leaureate is engraved on the plate below the figures, and the text "ACAD. SUEC." stands for the the Swedish Academy.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature was designed by Erik Lindberg.

The Nobel Peace Prize Medal

The face of the medal of the Norwegian Nobel Committee shows Alfred Nobel in a pose slightly different from that of the other medals. The inscription is the same.

The other side of the Nobel Peace Prize medal represents a group of three men forming a fraternal bond.

The inscription reads: Pro pace et fraternitate gentium

translated "For the peace and brotherhood of men".

"Prix Nobel de la Paix", the relevant year, and the name of the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate is engraved on the edge of the medal.

The Nobel Peace Prize Medal was designed by Gustav Vigeland.

The Medal for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel

The medal for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel shows the North Star emblem of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, dating from 1815, with the words "Kungliga Vetenskaps Akademien" (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) around the edge.

The upper half of the face of the medal depicts Alfred Nobel, but in a pose different from the one appearing on the Nobel Prize Medals.

Around the upper edge are the words: Sveriges Riksbank till Alfred Nobels Minne 1968 (The Sveriges Riksbank, in memory of Alfred Nobel, 1968)

The lower half displays the bank's crossed horns of plenty. This design distinguishes it from the medals of the five prizes awarded under the terms of Alfred Nobel's 1895 will.

The name of the Economics Laureate is engraved on the edge of the medal.

The Medal for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was designed by Gunvor Svensson-Lundqvist.

Read more...

Nobel Prize

Alfred Nobel

"The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way:The capital shall be invested by my executors in safe securities and shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical works by Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, so that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be Scandinavian or not.

The Nobel Prize

Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace. The Nobel Prize is an international award administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. Each prize consists of a medal, personal diploma, and a cash award.

Alfred Nobel - The Man Behind the Nobel Prize

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize.



The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry

The medal of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences represents Nature in the form of a goddess resembling Isis, emerging from the clouds and holding in her arms a cornucopia. The veil which covers her cold and austere face is held up by the Genius of Science.

The inscription reads: Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes

loosely translated "And they who bettered life on earth by their newly found mastery."
(Word for word: inventions enhance life which is beautified through art.)

The words are taken from Vergilius Aeneid, the 6th song, verse 663:
Lo, God-loved poets, men who spake things worthy Phoebus' heart;
and they who bettered life on earth by new-found mastery

The name of the Nobel Laureate is engraved on the plate below the figures, and the text "REG. ACAD. SCIENT. SUEC." stands for The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry was designed by Erik Lindberg.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry

The medal of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences represents Nature in the form of a goddess resembling Isis, emerging from the clouds and holding in her arms a cornucopia. The veil which covers her cold and austere face is held up by the Genius of Science.

The inscription reads: Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes

loosely translated "And they who bettered life on earth by their newly found mastery."

(Word for word: inventions enhance life which is beautified through art.)

The words are taken from Vergilius Aeneid, the 6th song, verse 663:
Lo, God-loved poets, men who spake things worthy Phoebus' heart;
and they who bettered life on earth by new-found mastery

The name of the laureate is engraved on the plate below the figures, and the text "REG. ACAD. SCIENT. SUEC." stands for The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry was designed by Erik Lindberg.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine

The medal of the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute represents the Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap, collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl's thirst.

The inscription reads: Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes

loosely translated "And they who bettered life on earth by their newly found mastery." (Word for word: inventions enhance life which is beautified through art.)

The words are taken from Vergilius Aeneid, the 6th song, verse 663:Lo, God-loved poets, men who spake things worthy Phoebus' heart;and they who bettered life on earth by new-found mastery

The name of the laureate is engraved on the plate below the figures, and the text "REG. UNIVERSITAS MED. CHIR. CAROL." stands for the Karolinska Institute.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry was designed by Erik Lindberg.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature

The medal of the Swedish Academy represents a young man sitting under a laurel tree who, enchanted, listens to and writes down the song of the Muse.

The inscription reads: Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes

loosely translated "And they who bettered life on earth by their newly found mastery."
(Word for word: Inventions enhance life which is beautified through art.)

The words are taken from Vergilius Aeneid, the 6th song, verse 663;
Lo, God-loved poets, men who spake things worthy Phoebus' heart;
and they who bettered life on earth by new-found mastery

The name of the Leaureate is engraved on the plate below the figures, and the text "ACAD. SUEC." stands for the the Swedish Academy.

The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature was designed by Erik Lindberg.

The Nobel Peace Prize Medal

The face of the medal of the Norwegian Nobel Committee shows Alfred Nobel in a pose slightly different from that of the other medals. The inscription is the same.

The other side of the Nobel Peace Prize medal represents a group of three men forming a fraternal bond.

The inscription reads: Pro pace et fraternitate gentium

translated "For the peace and brotherhood of men".

"Prix Nobel de la Paix", the relevant year, and the name of the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate is engraved on the edge of the medal.

The Nobel Peace Prize Medal was designed by Gustav Vigeland.

The Medal for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel

The medal for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel shows the North Star emblem of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, dating from 1815, with the words "Kungliga Vetenskaps Akademien" (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) around the edge.

The upper half of the face of the medal depicts Alfred Nobel, but in a pose different from the one appearing on the Nobel Prize Medals.

Around the upper edge are the words: Sveriges Riksbank till Alfred Nobels Minne 1968 (The Sveriges Riksbank, in memory of Alfred Nobel, 1968)

The lower half displays the bank's crossed horns of plenty. This design distinguishes it from the medals of the five prizes awarded under the terms of Alfred Nobel's 1895 will.

The name of the Economics Laureate is engraved on the edge of the medal.

The Medal for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was designed by Gunvor Svensson-Lundqvist.

Read more...

2008 Nobel Prize Winners

Martti Ahtisaari, peace broker and former President of Finland, in Berlin. Mr Ahtisaari was awarded the 2008 Nobel Peace Prize.

The award came 24 hours after French author Jean-Marie Le Clézio won the 2008 Nobel Literature Prize.

Yoichiro Nambu, the University of Chicago physics professor, at his home in Chicago after learning he had won the 2008 Nobel Prize for Physics.


Japanese scientists Makoto Kobayashi, right, and Toshihide Maskawa, in Tokyo on Friday. The two shared the physics prize with Yoichiro Nambu.

Cancer researcher Harald zur Hausen displaying pictures of viruses in his laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany. He was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize for Medicine.

French scientists Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barre-Sinoussi after meeting President Sarkozy in Paris. They received the 2008 Nobel Prize for Medicine for their discovery of the HIV virus in 1983.

Martin Chalfie, of Columbia University, after winning the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He shared the award with Roger Tsien for their work on the green fluorescent protein first found in jellyfish.

Roger Tsien answers congratulatory emails in his office at the University of California, San Diego, after learning that he was sharing the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Osamu Shimomura, a Japanese researcher at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, was also awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

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A 'MUST' knowledge about Sir Issac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton: The name that reminds you of laws of motion and theory of universal gravitation. He is a great scientist of all time. Here are some facts you may have never known about him ...

His Birth Was Premature

Issac Newton wasn't expected to survive as he was born prematurely. It is said that he was so small when he was born that he could have fit inside a quart mug.

He Was Almost a Farmer

Newton's mother insisted that he becomes a farmer when he was 17 because he was born in a farming family. If it weren't for his uncle, he would have never attended Trinity College in Cambridge.

He Kept His Publications Secret

Although majority of Newton's discoveries were made when he was in his early to mid twenties, he didn't publish them until many years later. This resulted in many arguments over credit.

The True Story About Newton and His Apple

We always heard of a story that Newton was walking around his garden at Woolsthorpe Manor when he saw a falling apple, inspired by which he formulated the theory of universal gravitation. But Newton himself said that he was in his house staring through the window when he saw an apple fall from a tree.

Newton Was an Alchemist

Newton had a secret interest in alchemy. His studies regarding alchemy (the making of gold and silver from a base metal) were kept secret as it was a crime under an act of 1404. He recorded his studies in willfully cryptic language.

Newton Was Extremely Religious


Even though people use Newton's work, particularly the law of motion and universal gravitation to argue against the existence of God, Newton himself was extremely religious. He used to say that, "Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who set the planets in motion. God governs all things and knows all that is or can be done." Despite his deep religious beleif, Newton didn't believe the existence of spirits and ghosts.

Newton Was Passionate About The Bible

Newton was so passionate about Bible that he wrote more about religion than about science and mathematics! He calculated the date of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ as April 3, A.D. 33. He even predicted that the Jews would return to Israel. He was also passionate to find the hidden meanings in the Bible.

As a Politician He Uttered Just One Sentence

Newton served as a Member of Parliament for exactly one year (1689 - 1690). During all the lengthy proceedings, he spoke only once: he asked a nearby person to close an open window!

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Women Nobel Prize Winners

Women Nobel Prize Winners for Literature

1909	Selma Lagerof of Sweden
1926	Grazia Deledda of Italy
1928	Sigrid Undset of Norway
1938	Pearl Buck of the U.S.
1945	Gabriela Mistral of Chile
1966	Nelly Sachs of Sweden
1991	Nadine Gordimer of South Africa
1993	Toni Morrison of the U.S. Archive Photos
1996	Wislawa Szymborska of Poland
2004	Elfriede Jelinek of Austria
2007	Doris Lessing of the United Kingdom

Women Nobel Peace Prize Winners

1905	Bertha von Suttner (Austria)
1931	Jane Addams (U.S.)
1946	Emily G. Balch and John R. Mott (U.S.)
1976	Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams (both Northern Ireland)
1979	Mother Teresa of Calcutta (India) Archive Photos
1982	Alva Myrdal (Sweden)
1991	Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (Burma)
1992	Rigoberta Menchú (Guatemala)
1997	International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Jody Williams (U.S.)
2003	Shirin Ebadi (Iran)
2004	Wangari Maathai (Kenya)

Women Nobel Prize Winners in Science

Linda Buck

(Physiology or Medicine, 2004)

She and fellow American Richard Axel discovered how the olfactory system—the sense of smell—works and how people are able to recognize and remember more than 10,000 odors.

Marie Sklodowska Curie

AIP Niels Bohr Library

(Physics, 1903 and Chemistry, 1911)

Marie Curie is considered the most famous of all women scientists. She was the only woman ever to win two Nobel Prizes. By the time she was 16, Marie had already won a gold medal at the Russian lycée in Poland upon the completion of her secondary education. In 1891, almost penniless, she began her education at the Sorbonne in Paris. In 1903 her discovery of radioactivity earned her the Nobel Prize in physics. In 1911 she won it for chemistry.

Irene Curie

(Chemistry, 1935)

Irene Curie was the daughter of Marie Curie. She furthered her mother's work in radioactivity and won the Nobel Prize for discovering that radioactivity could be artificially produced.

Gerty Radnitz Cori

(Physiology or Medicine, 1947)

Gerty Cori was the first American woman to win a Nobel Prize in science. She studied enzymes and hormones, and her work brought researchers closer to understanding diabetes. She won the Nobel Prize for discovering the enzymes that convert glycogen into sugar and back again to glycogen.

Barbara McClintock

(Physiology or Medicine, 1983)

Barbara McClintock studied the chromosomes in corn/maize and her work uncovered antibiotic-resistant bacteria and a possible cure for African sleeping sickness.

Maria Goeppert Mayer

(Physics, 1963)

Maria researched the structure of atomic nuclei. During World War II she worked on isotope separation for the atomic bomb project.

Rita Levi-Montalicini

(Physiology or Medicine, 1986)

Rita is an Italian neuroembryologist known for her co-discovery in 1954 of nerve growth factor, a previously unknown protein that stimulates the growth of nerve cells and plays a role in degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. She received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986.

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

(Chemistry, 1964)

Dorothy discovered the structures of penicillin and vitamin B₍₁₂₎. She won the Nobel Prize for determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential to combating pernicious anemia.

Gertrude Elion

(Physiology or Medicine, 1988)

Gertrude Elion is the only woman inventor inducted into The Inventors Hall of Fame. She invented the leukemia-fighting drug 6-mercaptopurine. Her continued research led to Imuran, a derivative of 6-mercaptopurine that blocks the body's rejection of foreign tissues.

Rosalyn Sussman Yalow

(Physiology or Medicine, 1977)

Rosayln Yalow won the Nobel Prize for developing radioimmunoassay, a test of body tissues that uses radioactive isotopes to measure the concentrations of hormones, viruses, vitamins, enzymes, and drugs.

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard

(Physiology or Medicine, 1995)

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard won the Nobel Prize using the fruit fly to help explain birth defects in humans.

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Nobel Prize for Economic Science

For years not listed, no award was made.

1969

Ragnar Frisch (Norway) and Jan Tinbergen (Netherlands), for work in econometrics (application of mathematics and statistical methods to economic theories and problems)

1970

Paul A. Samuelson (U.S.), for efforts to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory

1971

Simon Kuznets (U.S.), for developing concept of using a country's gross national product to determine its economic growth

1972

Kenneth J. Arrow (U.S.) and Sir John R. Hicks (U.K.), for theories that help to assess business risk and government economic and welfare policies

1973

Wassily Leontief (U.S.), for devising the input-output technique to determine how different sectors of an economy interact

1974

Gunnar Myrdal (Sweden) and Friedrich A. von Hayek (U.K.), for pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena

1975

Leonid V. Kantorovich (U.S.S.R.) and Tjalling C. Koopmans (U.S.), for work on the theory of optimum allocation of resources

1976

Milton Friedman (U.S.), for work in consumption analysis and monetary history and theory, and for demonstration of complexity of stabilization policy

1977

Bertil Ohlin (Sweden) and James E. Meade (U.K.), for contributions to theory of international trade and international capital movements

1978

Herbert A. Simon (U.S.), for research into the decision-making process within economic organizations

1979

Sir Arthur Lewis (U.K.) and Theodore Schultz (U.S.), for work on economic problems of developing nations

1980

Lawrence R. Klein (U.S.), for developing models for forecasting economic trends and shaping policies to deal with them

1981

James Tobin (U.S.), for analyses of financial markets and their influence on spending and saving by families and businesses

1982

George J. Stigler (U.S.), for work on government regulation in the economy and the functioning of industry

1983

Gerard Debreu (U.S.), in recognition of his work on the basic economic problem of how prices operate to balance what producers supply with what buyers want

1984

Sir Richard Stone (U.K.), for his work to develop the systems widely used to measure the performance of national economics

1985

Franco Modigliani (U.S.), for his pioneering work in analyzing the behavior of household savers and the functioning of financial markets

1986

James M. Buchanan (U.S.), for his development of new methods for analyzing economic and political decision-making

1987

Robert M. Solow (U.S.), for seminal contributions to the theory of economic growth

1988

Maurice Allais (France), for his pioneering development of theories to better understand market behavior and the efficient use of resources

1989

Trygve Haavelmo (Norway), for his pioneering work in methods for testing economic theories

1990

Harry M. Markowitz, William F. Sharpe, and Merton H. Miller (all U.S.), whose work provided new tools for weighing the risks and rewards of different investments and for valuing corporate stocks and bonds

1991

Ronald Coase (U.S.), for his pioneering work in how property rights and the cost of doing business affect the economy

1992

Gary S. Becker (U.S.), for “having extended the domain of economic theory to aspects of human behavior which had previously been dealt with—if at all—by other social science disciplines”

1993

Robert W. Fogel and Douglass C. North (both U.S.), for their work in economic history

1994

John F. Nash, John C. Harsanyi (both U.S.), and Reinhard Selten (Germany), for their pioneering work in game theory

1995

Robert E. Lucas, Jr. (U.S.), for having had the greatest influence on macroeconomic research since 1970

1996

James A. Mirrlees (U.K.) and William Vickrey (U.S.), for “their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives”

1997

Robert C. Merton and Myron S. Scholes (both U.S.), for developing a formula that determines the value of stock options and other derivatives

1998

Amartya Sen (India), for his contributions to welfare economics

1999

Robert A. Mundel (U.S.), for his work on monetary dynamics and optimum currency areas

2000

James J. Heckman and Daniel L. McFadden (both U.S.), for developing methods used in statistical analysis of individual and household behavior

2001

George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence, and Joseph E. Stiglitz (all U.S.), for market analyses with asymmetric information.

2002

Daniel Kahneman (U.S.) for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science and Vernon L. Smith (U.S.) for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis.

2003

Robert F. Engle (U.S.) and Clive W. J. Granger (UK), for developing statistical tools to improve analysis of stock prices and other data.

2004

Finn E. Kydland (Norway) and Edward C. Prescott (U.S.) “for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles.”

2005

Robert J. Aumann and Thomas C. Schelling (both U.S.)

2006

Edmund S. Phelps (U.S.) for “his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy”

Read more...

Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine

For years not listed, no award was made.

1901

Emil A. von Behring (Germany), for work on serum therapy against diphtheria

1902

Sir Ronald Ross (U.K.), for work on malaria

1903

Niels R. Finsen (Denmark), for his treatment of lupus vulgaris with concentrated light rays

1904

Ivan P. Pavlov (U.S.S.R.), for work on the physiology of digestion

1905

Robert Koch (Germany), for work on tuberculosis

1906

Camillo Golgi (Italy) and Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Spain), for work on structure of the nervous system

1907

Charles L. A. Laveran (France), for work with protozoa in the generation of disease

1908

Paul Ehrlich (Germany) and Elie Metchnikoff (Russia), for work on immunity

1909

Theodor Kocher (Switzerland), for work on the thyroid gland

1910

Albrecht Kossel (Germany), for achievements in the chemistry of the cell

1911

Allvar Gullstrand (Sweden), for work on the dioptrics of the eye

1912

Alexis Carrel (France), for work on vascular ligature and grafting of blood vessels and organs

1913

Charles Richet (France), for work on anaphylaxy

1914

Robert Bárány (Austria), for work on physiology and pathology of the vestibular system

1919

Jules Bordet (Belgium), for discoveries in connection with immunity

1920

August Krogh (Denmark), for discovery of regulation of capillaries' motor mechanism

1922

In 1923, the 1922 prize was shared by Archibald V. Hill (U.K.), for discovery relating to heat-production in muscles; and Otto Meyerhof (Germany), for correlation between consumption of oxygen and production of lactic acid in muscles

1923

Sir Frederick Banting (Canada) and John J. R. Macleod (Scotland), for discovery of insulin

1924

Willem Einthoven (Netherlands), for discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram

1926

Johannes Fibiger (Denmark), for discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma

1927

Julius Wagner-Jauregg (Austria), for use of malaria inoculation in treatment of dementia paralytica

1928

Charles Nicolle (France), for work on typhus exanthematicus

1929

Christiaan Eijkman (Netherlands), for discovery of the antineuritic vitamins; and Sir Frederick Hopkins (U.K.), for discovery of growth-promoting vitamins

1930

Karl Landsteiner (U.S.), for discovery of human blood groups

1931

Otto H. Warburg (Germany), for discovery of the character and mode of action of the respiratory ferment

1932

Sir Charles Sherrington (U.K.) and Edgar D. Adrian (U.S.), for discoveries of the function of the neuron

1933

Thomas H. Morgan (U.S.), for discoveries on hereditary function of the chromosomes

1934

George H. Whipple, George R. Minot, and William P. Murphy (U.S.), for discovery of liver therapy against anemias

1935

Hans Spemann (Germany), for discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development

1936

Sir Henry Dale (U.K.) and Otto Loewi (Germany), for discoveries on chemical transmission of nerve impulses

1937

Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt (Hungary), for discoveries on biological combustion

1938

Corneille Heymans (Belgium), for determining importance of sinus and aorta mechanisms in the regulation of respiration

1939

Gerhard Domagk (Germany), for antibacterial effect of prontocilate

1943

Henrik Dam (Denmark) and Edward A. Doisy (U.S.), for analysis of vitamin K

1944

Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser (both U.S.), for work on functions of the nerve threads

1945

Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, and Sir Howard Florey (all U.K.), for discovery of penicillin

1946

Herman J. Muller (U.S.), for hereditary effects of X-rays on genes

1947

Carl F. and Gerty T. Cori (U.S.), for work on animal starch metabolism; Bernardo A. Houssay (Argentina), for study of pituitary

1948

Paul Mueller (Switzerland), for discovery of insect-killing properties of DDT

1949

Walter Rudolf Hess (Switzerland), for research on brain control of body; and Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (Portugal), for development of brain operation

1950

Philip S. Hench, Edward C. Kendall (both U.S.), and Tadeus Reichstein (Switzerland), for discoveries about hormones of adrenal cortex

1951

Max Theiler (South Africa), for development of anti-yellow-fever vaccine

1952

Selman A. Waksman (U.S.), for co-discovery of streptomycin

1953

Fritz A. Lipmann (Germany-U.S.) and Hans Adolph Krebs (Germany-U.K.), for studies of living cells

1954

John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller, and Frederick C. Robbins (all U.S.), for work with cultivation of polio virus

1955

Hugo Theorell (Sweden), for work on oxidation enzymes

1956

Dickinson W. Richards, Jr., André F. Cournand (both U.S.), and Werner Forssmann (Germany), for new techniques in treating heart disease

1957

Daniel Bovet (Italy), for development of drugs to relieve allergies and relax muscles during surgery

1958

Joshua Lederberg (U.S.), for work with genetic mechanisms; George W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum (both U.S.), for discovering how genes transmit hereditary characteristics

1959

Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg (both U.S.), for discoveries related to compounds within chromosomes that play a vital role in heredity

1960

Sir Macfarlane Burnet (Australia) and Peter Brian Medawar (U.K.), for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance

1961

Georg von Bekesy (U.S.), for discoveries about physical mechanisms of stimulation within cochlea

1962

James D. Watson (U.S.), Maurice H. F. Wilkins, and Francis H. C. Crick (both U.K.), for determining structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

1963

Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley (both U.K.), and Sir John Carew Eccles (Australia), for research on nerve cells

1964

Konrad E. Bloch (U.S.) and Feodor Lynen (Germany), for research on mechanism and regulation of cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism

1965

François Jacob, André Lwoff, and Jacques Monod (all France), for study of regulatory activities in body cells

1966

Charles Brenton Huggins (U.S.), for studies in hormone treatment of cancer of prostate; Francis Peyton Rous (U.S.), for discovery of tumor-producing viruses

1967

Haldan K. Hartline, George Wald (both U.S.), and Ragnar Granit (Sweden), for work on human eye

1968

Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshall W. Nirenberg (all U.S.), for studies of genetic code

1969

Max Delbruck, Alfred D. Hershey, and Salvador E. Luria (all U.S.), for study of mechanism of virus infection in living cells

1970

Julius Axelrod (U.S.), Ulf S. von Euler (Sweden), and Sir Bernard Katz (U.K.), for studies of how nerve impulses are transmitted within the body

1971

Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. (U.S.), for research on how hormones work

1972

Gerald M. Edelman (U.S.), and Rodney R. Porter (U.K.), for research on the chemical structure and nature of antibodies

1973

Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz (both Austria), and Nikolaas Tinbergen (Netherlands), for their studies of individual and social behavior patterns

1974

George E. Palade, Christian de Duve (both U.S.), and Albert Claude (Belgium), for contributions to understanding inner workings of living cells

1975

David Baltimore, Howard M. Temin, and Renato Dulbecco (all U.S.), for work in interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material of the cell

1976

Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek (both U.S.), for discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases

1977

Rosalyn S. Yalow, Roger C. L. Guillemin, and Andrew V. Schally (all U.S.), for research in role of hormones in chemistry of the body

1978

Daniel Nathans, Hamilton Smith (both U.S.), and Werner Arber (Switzerland), for discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics

1979

Allan MacLeod Cormack (U.S.) and Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield (U.K.), for developing computed axial tomography (CAT scan) X-ray technique

1980

Baruj Benacerraf, George D. Snell (both U.S.), and Jean Dausset (France), for discoveries that explain how the structure of cells relates to organ transplants and diseases

1981

Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel (both U.S.), and Torsten N. Wiesel (Sweden), for studies vital to understanding the organization and functioning of the brain

1982

Sune Bergstrom, Bengt Samuelsson (both Sweden), and John R. Vane (U.K.), for research in prostaglandins, hormonelike substances involved in a wide range of illnesses

1983

Barbara McClintock (U.S.), for her discovery of mobile genes in the chromosomes of a plant that change the future generations of plants they produce

1984

Cesar Milstein (U.K./Argentina), Georges J. F. Kohler (West Germany), and Niels K. Jerne (U.K./Denmark), for their work in immunology

1985

Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein (both U.S.), for their work, which has drastically widened our understanding of the cholesterol metabolism and increased our possibilities to prevent and treat atherosclerosis and heart attacks

1986

Rita Levi-Montalcini (dual U.S./Italy) and Stanley Cohen (U.S.), for their contributions to the understanding of substances that influence cell growth

1987

Susumu Tonegawa (Japan), for his discoveries of how the body can suddenly marshal its immunological defenses against millions of different disease agents that it has never encountered before

1988

Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings (both U.S.), and Sir James Black (U.K.), for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

1989

J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus (both U.S.), for their unifying theory of cancer development

1990

Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas (both U.S.), for their pioneering work in transplants

1991

Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann (both Germany), for their research, particularly for the development of a technique called patch clamp

1992

Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs (both U.S.), for their discovery of a regulatory mechanism affecting almost all cells

1993

Phillip A. Sharp (U.S.) and Richard J. Roberts (U.K.), for their independent discovery in 1977 of “split genes”

1994

Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell (both U.S.), for discovery of G-proteins that help cells respond to outside signals

1995

Edward B. Lewis, Eric F. Wieschaus (both U.S.), and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (Germany), for studies of the fruit fly that will help explain congenital malformations in humans

1996

Peter C. Doherty (Australia) and Rolf M. Zinkernagel (Switzerland), for discoveries about how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells

1997

Stanley B. Prusiner (U.S.), for discovery of a new type of germ, called prions, that causes degenerative brain disorders

1998

Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, and Ferid Murad (all U.S.), for discovering that nitric oxide acts as a signal in the cardiovascular system

1999

Günter Blobel (Germany and U.S.), for discovering that proteins have signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell

2000

Arvid Carlsson (Sweden), Paul Greengard, and Eric Kandel (both U.S.), for discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system

2001

Leland H. Hartwell (U.S.), R. Timothy Hunt, and Paul M. Nurse (both UK), for discoveries concerning control of the cell cycle, which may make new cancer treatments possible.

2002

Sydney Brenner (UK), H. Robert Horvitz (U.S.), and John E. Sulston (UK) for discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death.

2003

Paul C. Lauterbur (U.S.) and Sir Peter Mansfield (UK) for discoveries leading to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

2004

Richard Axel and Linda Buck (both U.S.) “for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system.”

2005

Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren (both Australia)

2006

Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello (both U.S.) for “their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA”

2007

Mario R. Capecchi (U.S.), Sir Martin J. Evans (U.K.), and Oliver Smithies (U.S.) for "their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"

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Nobel Prize for Chemistry

1901

Jacobus H. van't Hoff (Netherlands), for laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions

1902

Emil Fischer (Germany), for experiments in sugar and purin groups of substances

1903

Svante A. Arrhenius (Sweden), for his electrolytic theory of dissociation

1904

Sir William Ramsay (U.K.), for discovery and determination of place of inert gaseous elements in air

1905

Adolf von Baeyer (Germany), for work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic combinations

1906

Henri Moissan (France), for isolation of fluorine, and introduction of electric furnace

1907

Eduard Buchner (Germany), discovery of cell-less fermentation and investigations in biological chemistry

1908

Sir Ernest Rutherford (U.K.), for investigations into disintegration of elements

1909

Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany), for work on catalysis and investigations into chemical equilibrium and reaction rates

1910

Otto Wallach (Germany), for work in the field of alicyclic compounds

1911

Marie Curie (France), for discovery of elements radium and polonium

1912

Victor Grignard (France), for reagent discovered by him; and Paul Sabatier (France), for methods of hydrogenating organic compounds

1913

Alfred Werner (Switzerland), for linking up atoms within the molecule

1914

Theodore W. Richards (U.S.), for determining atomic weight of many chemical elements

1915

Richard Willstätter (Germany), for research into coloring matter of plants, especially chlorophyll

1918

Fritz Haber (Germany), for synthetic production of ammonia

1920

Walther Nernst (Germany), for work in thermochemistry

1921

Frederick Soddy (U.K.), for investigations into origin and nature of isotopes

1922

Francis W. Aston (U.K.), for discovery of isotopes in nonradioactive elements and for discovery of the whole number rule

1923

Fritz Pregl (Austria), for method of microanalysis of organic substances discovered by him

1925

In 1926, the 1925 prize was awarded to Richard Zsigmondy (Germany), for work on the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions

1926

Theodor Svedberg (Sweden), for work on disperse systems

1927

In 1928, the 1927 prize was awarded to Heinrich Wieland (Germany), for investigations of bile acids and kindred substances

1928

Adolf Windaus (Germany), for investigations on constitution of the sterols and their connection with vitamins

1929

Sir Arthur Harden (U.K.) and Hans K. A. S. von Euler-Chelpin (Sweden), for research of fermentation of sugars

1930

Hans Fischer (Germany), for work on coloring matter of blood and leaves and for his synthesis of hemin

1931

Karl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius (both Germany), for invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods

1932

Irving Langmuir (U.S.), for work in realm of surface chemistry

1934

Harold C. Urey (U.S.), for discovery of heavy hydrogen

1935

Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie (both France), for synthesis of new radioactive elements

1936

Peter J. W. Debye (Netherlands), for investigations on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases

1937

Walter N. Haworth (U.K.), for research on carbohydrates and vitamin C; and Paul Karrer (Switzerland), for work on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins A and B

1938

Richard Kuhn (Germany), for carotenoid study and vitamin research (declined)

1939

Adolf Butenandt (Germany), for work on sexual hormones (declined the prize); and Leopold Ruzicka (Switzerland), for work with polymethylenes

1943

Georg Hevesy De Heves (Hungary), for work on use of isotopes as indicators

1944

Otto Hahn (Germany), for work on atomic fission

1945

Artturi Illmari Virtanen (Finland), for research in the field of conservation of fodder

1946

James B. Sumner (U.S.), for crystallizing enzymes; John H. Northrop and Wendell M. Stanley (both U.S.), for preparing enzymes and virus proteins in pure form

1947

Sir Robert Robinson (U.K.), for research in plant substances

1948

Arne Tiselius (Sweden), for biochemical discoveries and isolation of mouse paralysis virus

1949

William Francis Giauque (U.S.), for research in thermodynamics, especially effects of low temperature

1950

Otto Diels and Kurt Alder (both Germany), for discovery of diene synthesis enabling scientists to study structure of organic matter

1951

Glenn T. Seaborg and Edwin H. McMillan (both U.S.), for discovery of plutonium

1952

Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge (both U.K.), for development of partition chromatography

1953

Hermann Staudinger (Germany), for research in giant molecules

1954

Linus C. Pauling (U.S.), for study of forces holding together protein and other molecules

1955

Vincent du Vigneaud (U.S.), for work on pituitary hormones

1956

Sir Cyril Hinshelwood (U.K.) and Nikolai N. Semenov (U.S.S.R.), for parallel research on chemical reaction kinetics

1957

Sir Alexander Todd (U.K.), for research with chemical compounds that are factors in heredity

1958

Frederick Sanger (U.K.), for determining molecular structure of insulin

1959

Jaroslav Heyrovsky (Czechoslovakia), for development of polarography, an electrochemical method of analysis

1960

Willard F. Libby (U.S.), for “atomic time clock” to measure age of objects by measuring their radioactivity

1961

Melvin Calvin (U.S.), for establishing chemical steps during photosynthesis

1962

Max F. Perutz and John C. Kendrew (U.K.), for mapping protein molecules with X-rays

1963

Carl Ziegler (Germany) and Giulio Natta (Italy), for work in uniting simple hydrocarbons into large molecule substances

1964

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin (U.K.), for determining structure of compounds needed in combatting pernicious anemia

1965

Robert B. Woodward (U.S.), for work in synthesizing complicated organic compounds

1966

Robert Sanderson Mulliken (U.S.), for research on bond holding atoms together in molecule

1967

Manfred Eigen (Germany), Ronald G. W. Norrish, and George Porter (both U.K.), for work in high-speed chemical reactions

1968

Lars Onsager (U.S.), for development of system of equations in thermodynamics

1969

Derek H. R. Barton (U.K.) and Odd Hassel (Norway), for study of organic molecules

1970

Luis F. Leloir (Argentina), for discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in biosynthesis of carbohydrates

1971

Gerhard Herzberg (Canada), for contributions to knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals

1972

Christian Boehmer Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, and William Howard Stein (all U.S.), for pioneering studies in enzymes

1973

Ernst Otto Fischer (W. Germany) and Geoffrey Wilkinson (U.K.), for work that could solve problem of automobile exhaust pollution

1974

Paul J. Flory (U.S.), for developing analytic methods to study properties and molecular structure of long-chain molecules

1975

John W. Cornforth (Australia) and Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland), for research on structure of biological molecules such as antibiotics and cholesterol

1976

William N. Lipscomb, Jr. (U.S.), for work on the structure and bonding mechanisms of boranes

1977

Ilya Prigogine (Belgium), for contributions to nonequilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures

1978

Peter Mitchell (U.K.), for contributions to the understanding of biological energy transfer

1979

Herbert C. Brown (U.S.) and Georg Wittig (West Germany), for developing a group of substances that facilitate very difficult chemical reactions

1980

Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert (both U.S.), and Frederick Sanger (U.K.), for developing methods to map the structure and function of DNA, the substance that controls the activity of the cell

1981

Roald Hoffmann (U.S.) and Kenichi Fukui (Japan), for applying quantum-mechanics theories to predict the course of chemical reactions

1982

Aaron Klug (U.K.), for research in the detailed structures of viruses and components of life

1983

Henry Taube (U.S.), for research on how electrons transfer between molecules in chemical reactions

1984

R. Bruce Merrifield (U.S.), for research that revolutionized the study of proteins

1985

Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle (both U.S.), for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures

1986

Dudley R. Herschback, Yuan T. Lee (both U.S.), and John C. Polanyi (Canada), for their work on “reaction dynamics”

1987

Donald J. Cram, Charles J. Pedersen (both U.S.), and Jean-Marie Lehn (France), for wide-ranging research that has included the creation of artificial molecules that can mimic vital chemical reactions of the processes of life

1988

Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, and Hartmut Michel (all West Germany), for unraveling the structure of proteins that play a crucial role in photosynthesis

1989

Thomas R. Cech and Sidney Altman (both U.S.), for their discovery, independently, that RNA could actively aid chemical reactions in the cells

1990

Elias James Corey (U.S.), for developing new ways to synthesize complex molecules ordinarily found in nature

1991

Richard R. Ernst (Switzerland), for refinements he developed in nuclear magnetic-resonance spectroscopy

1992

Rudolph A. Marcus (U.S.), for his mathematical analysis of how the overall energy in a system of interacting molecules changes and induces an electron to jump from one molecule to another

1993

Kary B. Mullis (U.S.) and Michael Smith (Canada), for their contributions to the science of genetics

1994

George A. Olah (U.S.), University of Southern California in Los Angeles, for research that opened new ways to break apart and rebuild compounds of carbon and hydrogen

1995

F. Sherwood Rowland, Mario Molina (both U.S.), and Paul Crutzen (Netherlands), for their pioneering work in explaining the chemical processes that deplete the earth's ozone shield

1996

Richard E. Smalley, Robert F. Curl, Jr. (both U.S.), and Harold W. Kroto (U.K.), for discovery of a new class of carbon molecule

1997

Paul D. Boyer (U.S.), Jens C. Skou (Denmark), and John E. Walker (U.K.), for discoveries about a molecule that allows the human body to store and transfer energy between cells

1998

Walter Kohn (U.S.) and John A. Pople (U.K.), for their developments in the study of the properties of molecules and the chemical processes in which they are involved

1999

Ahmed H. Zewail (Egypt and U.S.), for creating the world's fastest camera, which captures atoms in motion

2000

Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid (both U.S.), and Hideki Shirakawa (Japan), for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

2001

William S. Knowles (U.S.) and Ryoji Noyori (Japan) “for their work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions,” and K. Barry Sharpless (U.S.) “for his work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions.”

2002

John B. Fenn (U.S.) and Koichi Tanaka (Japan) for ionization methods analyses of biological macromolecules, and Kurt Wüthrich (Switzerland) for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution.

2003

Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon (both U.S.) for studies on channels in cell walls.

2004

Aaron Ciechanover (Israel), Avram Hershko (Israel), and Irwin Rose (U.S.) “for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.”

2005

Yves Chauvin (France), Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock (both U.S.)

2006

Roger D. Kornberg (U.S.) for “his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription”

2007

Gerhard Ertl (Germany) for "his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"

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